Notes

1. Crisfield Johnson, ed. History of Cuyahoga County, Ohio: With Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Cleveland, OH: D.W. Ensign & Co., 1879), 342.

2. Crisfield Johnson, ed. History of Cuyahoga County, Ohio: With Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Cleveland, OH: D.W. Ensign & Co., 1879), 342.

3. James A. Pelikan, ed. The History of City Hospital, by Gertrude Farley and Louis Karnosh, and The Discovery and Interpretation of a Hospital’s Past (Cleveland, OH: Cuyahoga County Hospital Archives, 1983), 24.

4. Crisfield Johnson, ed. History of Cuyahoga County, Ohio: With Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Cleveland, OH: D.W. Ensign & Co., 1879), 342.

5. James A. Pelikan, ed. The History of City Hospital, by Gertrude Farley and Louis Karnosh, and The Discovery and Interpretation of a Hospital’s Past (Cleveland, OH: Cuyahoga County Hospital Archives, 1983), 47–48.

6. James A. Pelikan, ed. The History of City Hospital, by Gertrude Farley and Louis Karnosh, and The Discovery and Interpretation of a Hospital’s Past (Cleveland, OH: Cuyahoga County Hospital Archives, 1983), 42.

7. Howell Wright. Cleveland City Hospital: Its History, Its Functions, Its Possibilities (Cleveland, OH: Department of Public Welfare of the City of Cleveland, Division of Research and Publicity, 1914), 13.

8. James A. Pelikan, ed. The History of City Hospital, by Gertrude Farley and Louis Karnosh, and The Discovery and Interpretation of a Hospital’s Past (Cleveland, OH: Cuyahoga County Hospital Archives, 1983), 167.

9. “Hospitals at Cleveland.” Modern Hospital (United States: McGraw-Hill, 1917), XI(I), July, 201.

10. “Hospitals at Cleveland.” Modern Hospital (United States: McGraw-Hill, 1917), XI(I), July, 201.

11. “County Pilots Hospital to New Vitality.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), March 2, 1959: 1. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://tinyurl.com/yckeb24m, last accessed April 26, 2022.

12. Shannon Stewart, “Metro Health Medical Center,” Cleveland Historical, https://clevelandhistorical.org/
items/show/584, last accessed April 26, 2022.

1.  James A. Pelikan, ed. The History of City Hospital, by Gertrude Farley and Louis Karnosh, and The Discovery and Interpretation of a Hospital’s Past (Cleveland, OH: Cuyahoga County Hospital Archives, 1983), 53–54.

2. “Last Farewell in Cemetery Consumptive Takes Final Look at Flowers and Trees Then Ends Life.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), August 24, 1905: 1. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://tinyurl.com/4pr9rcmx, last accessed April 26, 2022.

3. Mortality Statistics 1905. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1907), 35, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
data/vsushistorical/mortstatsh_1905.pdf, last accessed April 26, 2022.

1. “Advertisement.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), July 13, 1858: 1. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://tinyurl.com/2p8nc7fu, last accessed April 26, 2022.

2. Advancing the Frontier of Medical Knowledge: A History of Medical Education at MetroHealth exhibit, 1993. Compiled in binder form by Delann Dempsey, Archives Department, MetroHealth System, 2003, 1.

3. “Body-Snatching. A Son Accidentally Discovers the Body of His Father in a Dissecting Room.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), May 31, 1878: 2. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://tinyurl.com/57pjvvfc, last accessed April 26, 2022.

4. Note: Western Reserve College (est. 1826) became Western Reserve University in 1882. The Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University became Case Western Reserve University in 1967. See “Our History: Western Reserve’s Founding,” Case Western Reserve University, https://case.edu/about/history.html, last accessed February 23, 2022.

5. Advancing the Frontier of Medical Knowledge: A History of Medical Education at MetroHealth exhibit, 1993. Compiled in binder form by Delann Dempsey, Archives Department, MetroHealth System, 2003, 3.

6. Advancing the Frontier of Medical Knowledge: A History of Medical Education at MetroHealth exhibit, 1993. Compiled in binder form by Delann Dempsey, Archives Department, MetroHealth System, 2003, 5.

7. Howell Wright. Cleveland City Hospital: Its History, Its Functions, Its Possibilities (Cleveland, OH: Department of Public Welfare of the City of Cleveland, Division of Research and Publicity, 1914), 12.

8. Howell Wright. Cleveland City Hospital: Its History, Its Functions, Its Possibilities (Cleveland, OH: Department of Public Welfare of the City of Cleveland, Division of Research and Publicity, 1914), 19–20.

9. Greer Williams, with Margaret Henning. Western Reserve’s Experiment in Medical Education and Its Outcome (New York: Oxford, 1980), Foreword by Robert Eiben, MD, 119.

10. Greer Williams, with Margaret Henning. Western Reserve’s Experiment in Medical Education and Its Outcome (New York: Oxford, 1980), Foreword by Robert Eiben, MD, vii.

11. Frederick C. Robbins. “Charles H. Rammelkamp, Jr.,” Biographical Memoirs (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1994), v. 64, 360. https://www.nap.edu/read/45
47/chapter/17, last accessed February 23, 2022.

1. “Child Life and Education.” MetroHealth, https://www.metrohealth.org/
pediatrics/child-life-and-education#:~:text=Our%20program
%20was%20established%20in,
last accessed April 23, 2022.

2. “Staff News,” Toomeyville Jr. Gazette, June 1958: 6, http://www.polioplace.org/sites
/default/files/files/Toomeyville_
Jr_Gazette_Vol. _1_June_1958.pdf, last accessed April 26,2022.

3. “School Life Plan,” Emma Plank.

4. MetroHealth Medical Hall of Honor Brochure. MetroHealth Foundation, Inc., 2014, 19.

5. John Elflein. “Deaths by Influenza and Pneumonia in the U.S. 1950–2018.” Statista. March 26, 2021. https://tinyurl.com/2xc62a86.

6. Frederick C. Robbins. “Charles H. Rammelkamp, Jr.,” Biographical Memoirs (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1994), v. 64, 360. https://www.nap.edu/read/
4547/chapter/17, last accessed February 23, 2022.

7. Min Lang, MD, John Tsiang, et al. “A Tribute to Dr Robert J. White.” Neurosurgery 0 (2018): 1–8. https://tinyurl.com/ykhc5pvj, last accessed April 26, 2022.

8. Kelly Engebretson. “The Seminal and Sometimes Weird Science of Dr. Robert White.” Newsroom | University of St. Thomas. https://news.stthomas.edu/publication-article/the-seminal-and-sometimes-weird-science-of-dr-robert-white/, last accessed May 23, 2022.

9. Kelly Engebretson. “The Seminal and Sometimes Weird Science of Dr. Robert White.” Newsroom | University of St. Thomas. https://news.stthomas.edu/publication-article/the-seminal-and-sometimes-weird-science-of-dr-robert-white/, last accessed May 23, 2022.

10. Kelly Engebretson. “The Seminal and Sometimes Weird Science of Dr. Robert White.” Newsroom | University of St. Thomas. https://news.stthomas.edu/publication-article/the-seminal-and-sometimes-weird-science-of-dr-robert-white/, last accessed May 23, 2022.

11. The SUPPORT Principal Investigators. “A Controlled Trial to Improve Care for Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients. The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments (SUPPORT).” JAMA, 274(20) (1995): 1591–1598. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/7474243/, last accessed April 26, 2022.

12. Interview with Dr. Alfred Connors, Jr. by Diane Suchetka, by phone, March 1, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

13. A.F. Connors, Jr., T. Speroff, et al. “The Effectiveness of Right Heart Catheterization in the Initial Care of Critically Ill Patients.” JAMA, 276(11) (1996): 889–897. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.276.11.889, last accessed April 26, 2022.

1. David M. Oshinsky. “Breaking the Back of Polio.” Yale Medicine Magazine 40, no. 1, 2005.

2. C.J. Howe and R.B. Johnston, eds. Institute of Medicine(US) Vaccine Safety Forum; Options for Poliomyelitis Vaccination in the United States: Workshop Summary (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1996), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK231547/, last accessed April 26, 2022; “What Happened on March 26, 1953.” OnThisDay. https://www.onthisday.com/date
/1953/march/26, last accessed April 23,2022.

3. CBC Radio. “Polio Vaccine Set Off Wave of Relief, and a Wave of Resistance. COVID-19 Era May Be Similar, Says Jill Lepore.” June 9, 2020. https://tinyurl.com/yedmr87u.

4. “Historic Mission, Progressive Vision, 170 Years of Caring for Our Community,” The MetroHealth System Communications Department, 2007.

5. Adam Bernstein. “Frederick Robbins Dies.” Washington Post, August 6, 2003, https://tinyurl.com/4mucwm97, last accessed April 26, 2022; H. Roger Segelken. “Thomas H. Weller, Whose Work on Tissue Led to Nobel Prize, Is Dead at 93.” New York Times, August 26, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08
/27/us/27weller.html, last accessed April 26,2022.

6. “1954: Nobel Prize in Medicine: In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago.” New York Times, October 22, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004
/10/22/news/1954nobel-prize-
in-medicine-in-our-pages100-75-and
-50-years-ago.html, last accessed April 26, 2022.

7. Adam Bernstein. “Frederick Robbins Dies.” Washington Post, August 6, 2003, https://tinyurl.com/4mucwm97, last accessed April 26, 2022.

8. “A History of the March of Dimes.” March of Dimes. www.marchofdimes.org/mission/
a-history-of-the-march-of-dimes.aspx, last accessed April 26, 2022.

9. Hans J. Eggers. “Milestones in Early Poliomyelitis Research (1840 to 1949).” Journal of Virology, 73:6 (1999): www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC112492, last accessed April 26, 2022.

10. Robert M. Eiben. “The Polio Experience and the Twilight of the Contagious Disease Hospital,” Polio, eds. Thomas M. Daniel and Frederick C. Robbins (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1997), 107.

11. Martha Lipson Lepow. “Love in the Virus Lab,” Polio, eds. Thomas M. Daniel and Frederick C. Robbins (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1997), 152.

12. Robert M. Eiben. “The Polio Experience and the Twilight of the Contagious Disease Hospital,” Polio, eds. Thomas M. Daniel and Frederick C. Robbins (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1997), 112.

13. “Polio Elimination in the United States.” CDC. www.cdc.gov/polio/what-is-polio
/polio-us.html, last accessed April 26, 2022.

14. Interview with Richard Fratianne, MD, by Lachina Creative, via Zoom, September 14, 2021. Transcribed by Temi, edited by Lachina Creative.

15. “CWRU Professorship in Surgery Honors MetroHealth Burn Care Pioneer.” Case Western Reserve University. June 20, 2012, www.newswise.com/articles
/cwru-professorship-in-surgery-honors
-metrohealth-burn-care-pioneer.

16. “Burn Care Center Celebrating 50 Years of Service.” MetroHealth, www.metrohealth.org/burn-care-center/burn-center-50-years, last accessed April 26, 2022.

17. “U.S. Marshals Report: Ohio County Jail ‘One of the Worst in the Country.’” Prison Legal News. https://www.prisonlegalnews.org
/news/2019/mar/5/us-marshals-report-
ohio-county-jail-one-worst-country/, last accessed April 26, 2022.

18. Robin Goist. “U.S. Marshals’ Report on Cuyahoga County Jail: By the Numbers.” cleveland.com, November 21, 2018, https://www.cleveland.com/news/2018/11
/us-marshals-report-on-cuyahoga-county
-jail-by-the-numbers.html; and Glenn Forbes. “State Inspection of Cuyahoga County Jail Finds 84 Violations.” Ideastream Public Media, February 19, 2019. https://www.ideastream.org/news
/state-inspection-of-cuyahoga-county
-jail-finds-84-violations.

19. Nick Castele and Matthew Richmond. “U.S. Marshals Say Cuyahoga County Jail Puts Staff and Inmates at Risk.” Ideastream Public Media, November 21, 2018, https://www.ideastream.org/news
/us-marshals-say-cuyahoga-
county-jail-puts-staff-and-inmates-at-risk.

20. Courtney Astolfi and Adam Ferrise. “‘Please, Please, Please:’ Emails Reveal Cuyahoga County Failed to Act on MetroHealth’s Pleas for Change in Weeks Before Inmate’s Suicide.” cleveland.com, April 12, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/4csaz376.

21. Glenn Forbes. “Cuyahoga County, MetroHealth to Expand Medical Services in Jails.” Ideastream Public Media, January 10, 2019, https://www.ideastream.org/news/
cuyhaoga-county-metrohealth-to-expand-medical-services-in-jails2.

22. Interview with Jennifer Bruner, MD, by Lachina Creative, via Zoom, October 29, 2021. Transcribed by Temi, edited by Lachina Creative.

23. Interview with Dr. Bruner, by MetroHealth, March 31, 2020. Notes recorded by hand.

24. “Cuyahoga County Board of Health (CCBH) Overdose Data to Action (OD2A) Initiative.” MetroHealth ExAM Program. https://www.ccbh.net/wp-content/uploads/
2021/03/OD2A-2021-02-24-ExAM-
infographic-pdf.pdf, last accessed April 26, 2022.

25. “‘We Would Be Crippled’—Preventing a COVID Tragedy at the County Jail.” Soundcloud.com, https://soundcloud.com/MetroHealth/
we-would-be-crippled-preventing-a-
covidtragedy-at-the-county-jail, last accessed April 26, 2022.

26. Maura Turcotte, Rachel Sherman, et al. “The Real Toll from Prison Covid Cases May Be Higher Than Reported.” The New York Times, July 7, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07
/07/us/inmates-incarcerated-
covid-deaths.html.

27. Interview with Jennifer Bruner, MD, by Diane Suchetka, in person, March 1, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

1. Note: University of Pennsylvania graduate Dr. John B. Hall began his internship at Boston City Hospital just a few days before Dr. Stubbs’s internship. “Survey of the Month.” Opportunity (United States: National Urban League, August 1931), 254, https://tinyurl.com/ymeptxb7, last accessed April26, 2022.

2. Vanessa Northington Gamble. Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920–1945 (New York: Oxford, 1995), 163.

3. Vanessa Northington Gamble. Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920–1945 (New York: Oxford, 1995), 164.

4. Vanessa Northington Gamble. Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920–1945 (New York: Oxford, 1995), 166.

5. Vanessa Northington Gamble. Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920–1945 (New York: Oxford, 1995), 168.

6. Review of Research on the Integration of the House Staff and School of Nursing at City Hospital. MetroHealth. n.d.

7. Vanessa Northington Gamble. Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920–1945 (New York: Oxford,1995), 171.

8. Jules Tygiel. Baseball’s Greatest Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy (New York: Vintage Books, 1983), 58.

9. Claude H. Organ and Margaret M. Kosiba, eds. A Century of Black Surgeons: The U.S.A. Experience (United States: Transcript Press, 1987), 538, https://tinyurl.com/33z6r32t, last accessed April 26, 2022.

10. “Cleveland’s Forest City Hospital Celebrates First Birthday.” JAMA, 51(2) (1959): 150–153.

11. Vanessa Northington Gamble. Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920–1945 (New York: Oxford,1995), 175.

12. “New Metro Hospital Chief Is No Stranger.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), June 28, 1960.

13. Kent Louis Brown, ed. Medicine in Cleveland and Cuyahoga County, 1810–1976 (Cleveland, OH: The Academy of Medicine in Cleveland, 1977), 76.

14. James Robenalt. Ballots and Bullets: Black Power Politics and Urban Guerrilla Warfare in 1968 Cleveland (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2018), 111.

15. James Robenalt. Ballots and Bullets: Black Power Politics and Urban Guerrilla Warfare in 1968 Cleveland (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2018), 110.

16. Merlin Chowkwanyun. “Cleveland Versus the Clinic: The1960s Riots and Community Health Reform.” American Journal of Public Health, 108(11) (2018): 1494–1502. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC6187784/, last accessed April 26, 2022.

17. “CLEMENT, KENNETH W.” Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University, January 13, 2021, https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/clement-kenneth-w.

18. Thomas S. Andrzejewski. “A Walk for Health.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), March 1, 1976: 3. News Bank: America’s Historical Newspapers, https://tinyurl.com/ycywm293, last accessed April 26, 2022.

19. Nick Brown. “Group Says $4.5 Million Medical Center Poorly Planned.” Call and Post (Cleveland, Ohio), March 20, 1976, https://tinyurl.com/2zxssz29, last accessed November 17,2021.

20. “Fairfax Area Seniors Are Offered Unique Self-Help Health Program.” Call and Post (Cleveland, Ohio), October 27, 1979, https://tinyurl.com/
3f5pheu5, last accessed April26, 2022.

21. “Medical Legal Partnerships.” The Legal Aid Society of Cleveland, https://lasclev.org/get-help/community-initiatives/medical-legal-partnerships/, last accessed May 27, 2022.

1. “13 Years’ School, Jones Puts First.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), May 4, 1923: 4. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://tinyurl.com/ynxxre6y, last accessed April 26, 2022.

2. “History of Social Work,” 2.

3. Howell Wright. Cleveland City Hospital: Its History, Its Functions, Its Possibilities (Cleveland, OH: Department of Public Welfare of the City of Cleveland, Division of Research and Publicity, 1914), 12.

4. Interview with Mr. Lehman, by Diane Suchetka, March 22, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

5. Interview with Mr. Lehman, by Diane Suchetka, March 22, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

6. Interview with Dr. Kalayjian, by Diane Suchetka, March 23, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

7. Interview with Mr. Lehman, by Diane Suchetka, March 22, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

8. Interview with Mr. Lehman, by Diane Suchetka, March 22, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

9. Interview with Dr. Alexander, by Diane Suchetka, March 18, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

10. Interview with Dr. Alexander, by Diane Suchetka, March 18, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

11. Interview with Dr. Alexander, by Diane Suchetka, March 18, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

12. Interview with Dr. Alexander, by Diane Suchetka, March 18, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

13. Interviews with Dr. Boutros and Kate Brown.

14. Interview with Dr. Ramirez, by Diane Suchetka, March 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

15. Interview with Linda Jackson, by Diane Suchetka, March 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

16. “SAFE Project Supports Mental Health Needs of Students through the Arts.” MetroHealth, November 19, 2019, https://news.metrohealth.org/
safe-project-supports-mental-health-needs-of-students-through-the-arts/.

17. Interviews with Linda Jackson and Dr. Ramirez throughout March 2022.

18. Many sources including interviews and “MetroHealth School Health Program Awarded Nearly $4.5M to Expand Services.” MetroHealth, March 8, 2022, https://news.metrohealth.org/
metrohealth-school-health-program-awarded-nearly-45m-to-expand-services/, last accessed April 26, 2022.

19. Interview with Dr. Alexander, March 18, 2022.

20. “2021 MetroHealth Annual Stakeholders Meeting.”MetroHealth, Vimeo video, https://vimeo.com/613166278, last accessed April 26, 2022.

21. Interviews with Sue Fuehrer, Karen Cook, Marielee Santiago, March 2022.

1. Karen Farkas. “Metro General Wins National Award.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), June 20, 1988: 20. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://tinyurl.com/5xmk9kte, last accessed May 17, 2022.

2. Henry Manning’s CV, supplied by his wife.

3. Source for this and the following paragraphs is Henry E. Manning and Donald A. Cramp. “Mergers: Logistics Complicate Planning.” Hospitals 47 (December 1973):48–50.

4. Karen Farkas. “Metro General Wins National Award.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), June 20, 1988: 20. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://tinyurl.com/5xmk9kte, last accessed May 17, 2022.

5. Karen Farkas. “Metro General Wins National Award.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), June 20, 1988: 20. NewsBank: America’s Historical Newspapers. https://tinyurl.com/5xmk9kte, last accessed May 17, 2022.

6. Joan M. Mazzolini. “Power Struggle Forces Out Chief of MetroHealth Manning Gets $890,000 Buyout.” The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), March 6, 1993.

7. Joan M. Mazzolini. “Hospital Chief’s Moves Hurt Him.” The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), May 23, 1993.

8. MetroHealth Medical Hall of Honor 2011 Inductees. The MetroHealth Foundation. Cleveland, OH.

9. Agnes Palazzetti, Kevin Collison, et al. “Cleveland May Hold Key to Cure for ECMC’s Financial Woes.” The Buffalo News, June 22, 1993. https://tinyurl.com/2jyubest, last accessed May 17, 2022.

10.  Interview with author, via Zoom, November 10, 2021. Transcription by Temi, edited by author. Source for all quotes in this chapter from Terry White, unless otherwise noted.

11. Interview with Mr. Sideras, by Diane Suchetka, April 28, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

12. Interview with author, via Zoom, November 3, 2021. Transcription by Temi, edited by author. Source for all quotes in this chapter from Dr. Mark Moran, unless otherwise noted.

13. U.S. Attorney’s Office, Northern District of Ohio. “Former MetroHealth System Executive Sentenced to Nine Years.” January 19, 2011, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives
/cleveland/press-releases/2011
/cl011911c.htm; U.S. Attorney’s Office, Northern District of Ohio. “Preliminary Order of Forfeiture Entered in Connection with Cuyahoga County Corruption Investigation.” August 17, 2010.
‍

14. “MetroHealth Medical Center Paid $10.2 Million to CEO Mark Moran’s Former Firm.” cleveland.com, March 24, 2009, https://www.cleveland.com/medical
/2009/03/metrohealth_medical_
center_pai.html.

15. Chris Seper. “MetroHealth Medical Center Plans 73 Layoffs to Cut Costs.” cleveland.com, May 15, 2008, https://www.cleveland.com/
business/2008/05/metrohealth_to_
cut_employees.html.

16. Chris Seper. “MetroHealth to Cut 112 Jobs to Break Even in 2009.” cleveland.com, November 17, 2008, https://www.cleveland.com/
medical/2008/11/metrohealth_to_cut_
112_jobs_25.html.

17. Interview with Mr. Moran, by Diane Suchetka, May 11, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

18. Shannon Mortland. “MetroHealth System Names Interim Head as CEO for Two-Year Term.” Crain’s Cleveland Business, March 11, 2009, https://tinyurl.com/2uz5xc2h, last accessed May 17, 2022.

19. Sarah Jane Tribble. “Cleveland MetroHealth System Misses Budget Projections, on Track to Lose $1.1 Million.” cleveland.com, August 27, 2011, https://tinyurl.com/3sdrnep6.

20. Sarah Jane Tribble. “MetroHealth CEO Mark Moran to Leave.” cleveland.com, December 16, 2011, https://tinyurl.com/39784t3w.

21. Sarah Jane Tribble. “MetroHealth CEO Mark Moran to Leave.” cleveland.com, December 16, 2011, https://tinyurl.com/39784t3w.

22. Ashok Selvam. “MetroHealth CEO to Leave at End of His Contract.” Modern Healthcare, December 18, 2011. https://tinyurl.com
/u4pvx4yj, last accessed May 17, 2022.

23. Sarah Jane Tribble. “MetroHealth Looks to Future, Plans New Main Campus in Cleveland.” cleveland.com, February 23, 2012, https://tinyurl.com/4rhmhma2.

24. Sarah Jane Tribble. “MetroHealth Wants to Create Medicaid Subsidy Program for Uninsured.” cleveland.com, March 12, 2012, https://tinyurl.com/2p84tns4; Randall D. Cebul, Thomas E. Love, et al. “MetroHealth Care Plus: Effects of a Prepared Safety Net on Quality of Care in a Medicaid Expansion Population.” Health Affairs 34 (7) (July 2015):1121–30. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1380.

25. MetroHealth 2013 Annual Report, https://tinyurl.com/2e9y9vaf, last accessed May 17, 2022; Randall D. Cebul, Thomas E. Love, et al. “MetroHealth Care Plus: Effects of a Prepared Safety Net on Quality of Care in a Medicaid Expansion Population.” Health Affairs 34 (7) (July 2015):1121–30. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1380.

26. Timothy McGaw. “Center for Community Solutions Names MetroHealth Administrator John Cortlett as Next Executive Director.” Crain’s Cleveland Business, October 28, 2014,https://tinyurl.com/3yj5xpb9, last accessed May 17, 2022; Randall D. Cebul, Thomas E. Love, et al. “MetroHealth Care Plus: Effects of a Prepared Safety Net on Quality of Care in a Medicaid Expansion Population.” Health Affairs 34 (7) (July2015): 1121–30. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1380.

27. Interview with Dr. Boutros, by Diane Suchetka, April 25, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

28. Brie Zeltner. “New MetroHealth CEO Changing Culture at Cleveland’s Safety-Net Hospital: Dr. Akram Boutros Brings New Attitude, Big Plans to Difficult Position.” cleveland.com, August 10, 2013. https://tinyurl.com/3e4juz8t, last accessed May 17, 2022.

29. Brie Zeltner. “New MetroHealth CEO Changing Culture at Cleveland’s Safety-Net Hospital: Dr. Akram Boutros Brings New Attitude, Big Plans to Difficult Position.” cleveland.com, August 10, 2013. https://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/2013
/08/new_metrohealth_
ceo_changing_c.html, last accessed May 27, 2022.

30. Dr. Akram Boutros. “What Hospitals Are Getting Wrong and How We Can Fix It.” City Club of Cleveland speech, June 7, 2019, https://www.cityclub.org/forums
/2019/06/07/what-hospitals-are-getting-wrong-and-how-we-can-fix-it.

31. “2021 MetroHealth Annual Stakeholders Meeting.” MetroHealth, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJUe82abFsc, last accessed May 27, 2022.

32. “Dr. Akram Boutros Finds the Rx for MetroHealth Is Engaging in the Culture.” Small Business, June 1, 2015. https://tinyurl.com/3f4vym6m, last accessed May 17, 2022.

33. Interview with Dr. Blinkhorn, by Diane Suchetka, May 10, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

34. Interview with Dr. Boutros, by Diane Suchetka, March 7, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

1. “President’s Review of Foundation’s History, Statement of Purpose, and Summary of Operation,” Cleveland City Hospital Foundation, Inc. May 1983.

2. “President’s Review of Foundation’s History, Statement of Purpose, and Summary of Operation,” Cleveland City Hospital Foundation, Inc. May 1983.

3. “Finding Aid for the Edward L. Worthington Papers.” Western Reserve Historical Society. http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/OCLWHi0395.xml, last accessed May 23,2022; and “About Frances Payne Bolton.” Case Western Reserve University. https://case.edu/nursing/about/
history/about-frances-payne-bolton, last accessed April 26, 2022.

4. Interview with Kate Brown, by Diane Suchetka, March 28, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

5. Interview with Mr. Unger, by Diane Suchetka, March 28, 2022 and April 11, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

6. MetroHealth employee records.

7. Interview with Mr. Unger, by Diane Suchetka, March 28, 2022 and April 11, 2022. Notes recorded by hand; and Sarah Treffinger. “Giuliani Helps MetroHealth Celebrate Accomplishments.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), February 29, 2004.

8. Interview with Mr. Unger, by Diane Suchetka, April 11, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

9. Letter awarding the grant.

10. “Foundation Focus.” The Elizabeth Severance Prentiss Foundation, https://esprentissfoundation.org/
foundation-focus, last accessed April 26, 2022.

11. Interview with Kate Brown by Lachina Creative, November 23, 2021, via Zoom. Transcribed by Temi, edited by Lachina Creative.

12. Interview with Kate Brown, by Diane Suchetka, March 28, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

13. Interview with Mr. Unger, by Diane Suchetka, March 28, 2022. Notes recorded by hand.

14. Bio provided by Mr. Unger on April 11, 2022.

15. “Medical Legal Partnerships.” Legal Aid Society of Cleveland. https://lasclev.org/get-help/community-initiatives/medical-legal-partnerships/, last accessed April 26, 2022.

16. Michael C. Butz. “Novembers Give Largest Donation to MetroHealth.” Cleveland Jewish News, May 24, 2012. https://tinyurl.com/jb99wm9a, last accessed April 26, 2022.

17. “A List of America’s Top 50 Donors of 2020.” KOB 4, February 10, 2021, https://amp.kob.com/articles/a-list-of-americas-top-50-donors-of-2020--6007042.html.

1. Interview with Diane Suchetka, March 7, 2022, recorded by hand. Source for all quotes from Dr. Boutros, unless otherwise noted.

2. “Pandemic Reveals Cleveland Health Department Struggle With Language Barrier.” Legal Aid Society of Cleveland, April 14, 2021, https://lasclev.org/04142021/.

3. Emily Shrider, Melissa Kollar, Frances Chen, and Jessica Semega. “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020.” United States Census Bureau, Report Number P60-273, September 14, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/2f7wt4bt, last accessed April 26, 2022; Clark-Fulton Together, Final Plan Summary, 18.

4. “Campus Transformation Timeline.” MetroHealth. https://tinyurl.com/59mvavrr, last accessed April 26, 2022; “The MetroHealth System Issues $945.7 Million in Bonds to Finance Campus Transformation.” MetroHealth, May 25,2017, https://tinyurl.com/2b6fm7bu.

5. Karen Farkas. “MetroHealth System Buys Naming Rights to RTA’s West 25th Street Route.” cleveland.com, March 31, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/bdhs6rs2.

6. Steven Litt. “First Look: MetroHealth Unveils Plan to Turn Main Campus Into ‘Hospital in a Park.’” The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), January 10, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/2dskdajz, last accessed April 26, 2022.

7. 2019 MetroHealth Annual Meeting speech.

8. 2019 MetroHealth Annual Meeting speech.

9. “The Gap.” National Low Income Housing Coalition. https://nlihc.org/gap/about, last accessed April 26, 2022.

10. Interview by Lachina Creative staff, December 2, 2021, via Google Meet. Transcription by Temi, edited by Lachina Creative staff.

11. “Resident-Driven Plan Emerges for a Re-Imagined Clark Fulton.” MetroHealth, October 14, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/yckr5a35.

12. Irwin Lowenstein. “Cross-Sector Partners Join Forces to Make Cleveland Home of the First Hospital-Anchored Certified Eco District.” Eco Districts, December 16, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/2p93rzzr; Michelle Jarboe. “Cleveland City Planning Commission OKs Investment Frameworks for Clark Fulton Neighborhood, West 25th Street Corridor.” Crain’s Cleveland, October 15, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/2p8wdb44,last accessed April 26, 2022.

13. Matthew Pantell, Rebecca Baer, Jacqueline Torres, et al. “Associations Between Unstable Housing, Obstetric Outcomes, and Perinatal Health Care Utilization.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1(4) (2019): 100053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ajogmf.2019.100053, last accessed May 4, 2022.